According to these authors there are no credible cyber threats to Canadian democracy at present; or if there are, we’ll never know about them until it’s too late because we insist on running our counter measures under a cloak of absolute secrecy.

That’s not to say there won’t be any domestic or external threats in the future.

What we know about our public institutions, including our political parties, is that we are not prepared for head on denial of service attacks, or ransomeware attacks, or the dumping of huge caches of secret documents into the public eye. And our network hygiene on a societal level completely sucks.

And our laws are insufficient to circumscribe deep fakes and other artificial counterfeit AV presentations.

We are also as a society completely unready for electronic voting on a broad scale.